A study published in Psychiatry, Translational made ​​by the University of Constance, Germany has in fact put in evidence as the stress suffered by the mother is able to alter a gene and make the child more sensitive to stressful situations and less able to manage them with a lasting effect.

The variation of the gene, and glucocorticoid receptor responsible for regulating the hormonal response to stress, was detected by scientists in children aged between 20 and 19 years, children of mothers who during pregnancy had suffered great stress.

“It is as if the children who receive the signal from their mother who are being born in a dangerous world to develop a lower threshold and a faster response to stress”, explained the researchers.

The women in the study, however, had suffered great stress levels that hardly most pregnant women may be exposed.

The stagnating mucus causing inflammation and may open the way for the bacteria. These germs infect the mucus into veritable pus that causes acute pain. With younger children who can not yet explain their discount, will be a sudden cry to warn. To be sure it’s just enough of otitis try pressing the small ledge hairline ear, if there is inflammation, the child cry for pain.

Other signs are lack of appetite, vomiting and high fever when they appear immediately after a cold or a sore throat is very likely that there is an infection from the ear. Without the advice of the doctor avoid giving even drops falling from against earache. To relieve his pain take the baby out with the ear down on a warm water bag wrapped in a towel.

If you notice secretions of pus, not insert anything into the ear but you tilt your head to the child above a clean handkerchief. The pediatrician will prescribe an antibiotic to eradicate the infection, and little drops or suppositories for pain relief. If the problem recurs it is often advisable to make spa treatments as a preventive measure.

Parenting is a task as difficult as enriching. Raising to a baby is a lot more than decorating the room, to buy toys and to be left the salary in clothes of boy. It is imperative to meet the baby’s health, both physically and mentally.

A smart savings in baby clothes
It is clear that given the economic effort involved in raising a child, it is necessary to count every euro spent on diapers, gifts for children, food and toys. However, it should be noted that in some cases it is not spent now to prevent, tomorrow is spent for cure. Therefore, it may make sense to invest in the health of the baby with ecological food, toys that encourage physical and intellectual development and diapers that do not turn out to be harmful for baby health.

The conventional diapers delay some 500 years in being degraded due to the materials of the ones that are facts. And quite a few diapers that end up in landfills. It is calculated that they are thrown to the trash some 5,000 during the first two years and a half of life of the babies.

These diapers, to be more efficient and to comply with what promises in the television announcements, contain a cocktail of chemists and plastic that turn out to be harmful for the health of the babies. This, combined with respect for the environment, makes it a good idea to choose organic diapers, as well as for the health of our children, do not pollute the earth more than it is.

The ecological diapers made with organic and natural renewable materials, so it is biodegradable. Also, and this is the most important, the cellulose is bleached with lye and are very tolerant for the delicate skin of babies. It’s a good idea and worth thinking about, the environment and the health of the baby.

The baby gym is an interesting option for the smallest of the house begin to awaken your instincts, improve his balance and gain an early motor coordination.

In addition, one of the major benefits that can result in the baby gym is the interaction with their parents. Thus, father, mother and baby spend time together, you know, take more affection and improve the quality of family life. There are exercises you can do in the gym, in fact there are clubs dedicated to babies, but you can be with the baby at home.

As for the type of exercises to do with the baby, depending on your age. In this sense, the children are when they have to begin to develop activities with the smaller after four months. From then until 8 or 10 months need to strengthen legs, arms, back and neck of infants. If it crawls, we must work balance, forcing them to go to stand up slowly and adopt an upright posture.

Thus, one of the main benefits of gymnastics for babies is to develop self-esteem, find more strength, balance and ability to perform major tasks.

Also more alert and coordinated, which affects their daily lives. The baby gym has become an activity that all parents should keep in mind.

Children permanent disabilities

The physical disability, such as amputations, deformities and skin lesions extended also ruin the image of self and child development. While each disability is rare, affecting all together about 10% of children and may constitute an important part of children.

Effects of permanent disability on the child despite many differences, children with permanent disabilities have joint pain, discomfort, limited growth and development, frequent hospitalization, outpatient visits, treatment of pain and discomfort, the inability to participate in peer a significant burden of daily care and an unpredictable course.

The low number of disabled adults who can be role models (eg., TV personalities) makes it difficult for children to determine their identity. The physical differences can lead to social rejection by peers and a weakening of motivation. The disability may also interfere with the child’s ability to achieve objectives (eg., Independence of the child who can not physically get away from his parents) and can change the temperament of the child, leading to a mismatch (eg., distracted the child of nature who is also suffering from deafness).

Effects of permanent disability on the family regarding the family, permanent disability leading to loss of hope of having a “perfect child”, to neglect the brothers, increased costs and time commitment to treatment methods confused, loss opportunities (eg. the mother who can not return to work) and social isolation. This stress can cause family breakdown, especially when there are other marital and family problems.

Conditions that damage the appearance of a child, eg., Cleft lip and / or palate or hydrocephalus, may affect the attachment between the child and family who look after it. Once the diagnosis of abnormality, the parents may grieve for the loss of the “ideal child” showing signs of shock, denial, anger, sadness or depression, guilt and anxiety. This can happen at any moment in the development of the child and each parent can be in a different stage of acceptance of the abnormal, such as to hinder communication between them. They may express their anger at health professionals can take them or their refusal to seek multiple opinions about the condition of their child.

Needs to be borne by the family and compassion for the child, may make it impossible to discipline and may lead to behavioral difficulties. One parent (usually the mother) can get involved in an excessive way from the problems of the child, thus ignoring the normal family responsibilities. The other parent may become isolated hours of surgery doctors can prevent many parents to be present together with medical, leaving one parent is not informed.

Effects of permanent disabilities in the community: a problem in the community is the lack of understanding by many people, whose only contact with the chronic childhood disability occurs during the telethon designed to raise sympathy and money. Further aggravating the problem and investment policies are inconsistent, inadequate access to facilities (including physical barriers to access) and poor communication and coordination between the health, education and community support.

Coordination of medical care without co-ordination of services, medical care will be in deficit, some interventions will be doubled, while others are neglected. Coordination therapy requires knowledge of the conditions of the child, family and community in which it operates.

All professionals who provide care for a chronically ill child must ensure that someone coordinate assistance. In ideal conditions, the coordinators should be the parents. However, systems that must be dealt with are often so complex that even the most capable parents need help. Other possible coordinators are general practitioners, specialists in program management teams, nurse, and representatives of insurance and the state. Regardless of who work in the coordination of services, family and the child must be actively involved.

Baby Bath

Wash the diaper area after each bowel movement or after the baby has urinated, bathing two or three days a week is more than enough. You should wash daily and very gently and carefully wet areas that are particularly more than others, which are greasy or dirty is more, the diaper area, the face, neck and skin folds.

Some health professionals suggest waiting until the umbilical cord falls off or until the circumcision has healed area to give your baby a bath.

Before you begin, make sure you have all the equipment you’ll need to carry out this task fun and beautiful:

• Wipes
• Mild soap
• Baby Shampoo
• Cotton balls
• Hooded towel
• Rubbing alcohol
• Cotton Swabs
• Diapers
• Clean clothes

Giving a sponge bath
First, wash your baby’s little face with warm water, especially the area located behind the ears and under his chin.

Wash the little chest, arms and hands, making sure to carefully clean the area located between the fingers. If you use a mild soap and a cotton ball or a sprig of cleanliness, these areas should be removed immediately to avoid dry or irritate them.

Gently wash the baby’s back. With a washcloth or towel usually very soft and warm, dry very gently the upper body and your baby. If her body rub too vigorously, may irritate your skin.

Wash the genital area, starting from front to back, then legs and feet, especially the area that lies between the toes of the feet. Then, very gently wipe the bottom of the baby’s little body.

To wash your baby’s hair, pour a little water on top of your head, using a washcloth. Apply a few drops of baby shampoo (a formula that will not irritate your eyes) and carefully massage the scalp. Do not worry about the most gentle and sensitive area of the head, and that it is protected under the scalp, and you can not damage it, if the question very gently. Remove all traces of shampoo, using a washcloth wet with warm water.

When finished bathing, dry your baby thoroughly with a towel and then put a clean diaper and clothes freshly laundered.

Giving a bath
It could become easier for you to wash your baby’s hair before sitting in the bathtub. First, hold your baby against your body and pour a little water on top of your head, using a washcloth. After that, apply a few drops of baby shampoo (one whose formula will not irritate baby eyes) and gently massage the scalp of your child quite remove all traces of shampoo with a washcloth wet with warm water. Dry gently, but thoroughly that area so that your baby is not a cold fish.

To be able to put your baby in the tub, hold her shoulders with one hand and his legs or tail with the other. Although the baby cries, which will probably be the first times bathed, continue talking until you can sit in the bath and so can feel more comfortable and protected. (Do these first baths very quickly if your baby feel uncomfortable)

While bathing your baby, place one hand under your armpits so that his head is kept upright and out of the water, and use your other hand to bathe, then rinse the front of the body of her baby.

After that, wash and rinse the back of her body.

Once your baby is clean, rinse, place it gently on a towel and dry with great care and love. Put a clean diaper and clothes freshly laundered.

Control List to Keep in Mind When Bath

• Never leave the room, “under any circumstances” while bathing your baby.
• When you bath your baby, keep warm at room temperature and do not leave anything to chance.
• Make sure your hot water heater is set at less than 120 degrees and always check the temperature of the water, soaking the inside of your wrist into it.
• When talk about very young babies, put a towel on top of the tub or sink to prevent them from slipping.
• Avoid using harsh soaps or shampoos formulated for adults.
• Never use products that contain soap for washing your baby’s face.
• Do not wash the inside of the ears of your baby.
• Babies do not like to cover their faces, that is why you should use a washcloth to clean each area of the face separately, and not all face the same time.
• To clean the eyes, begin to wash the area around the nose and then go wash up.
• Wash your hair more frequently if your baby develop a “cradle cap”, this being a sort of yellow crust that forms on the scalp of the baby.
• In order to “cure” the cradle cap, rub the scalp with baby oil and let it sit for half an hour later. Wash your hair with shampoo, using a brush to soap it completely and then remove the flakes with a soft comb. Wash again.
• Cover your baby’s head with a towel as soon as you finish washing your hair. This will help prevent your baby loses heat and catch cold.

child obesity

It is easier to prevent obesity than the child later started to lose weight. Overweight children are more susceptible to lifestyle diseases later in life.

Pay attention to obesity after 3 years of age
There is no reason to worry about obesity in children under 2 years if parents do not weigh too much. When one of you are overweight, you should from the child’s 3-year age begin to be aware that the child will have healthy, sustainable eating and a delight in physical activity, rather than the inherit your bad habits.

If none of you are overweight, after the child is age 3 years, still be aware of whether he or she weighs too much compared to his age and height. Obesity from 3 years of age and older constitutes an increasing risk that the child also will suffer from obesity as adults. And like in adults, it is with these children to ensure good eating and exercise habits over the long term and not focus on short-term diets and exercise programs.

Help your child to be active
Physical activity has proven to be a crucial element of both prevention and treatment of child obesity. And so it appears that prevention of inaction is greater than the effect of actual physical activity programs.

To prevent child obesity by preventing inactivity is to limit TV watching, computer games and other forms of employment where the child is not physically active, and encourage outdoor activities such as ball games, etc.. The goal is to get the child to experience physical activity as fun and exciting. There is also a good idea that parent also changes behavior when the child takes the parents as a model. It is important that you are aware that a good education also involves the motivation for physical activity. Studies also suggest that physical activity in childhood helps to ensure a more active lifestyle as an adult (WHO, 1998).

Prevent obesity with healthy diet
Equally important as being physically active, it is that your child receives a healthy and balanced diet that covers all nutritional needs, and giving the child a healthy satiety, rather than the child eats his fill of sweets and snacks. Small children are growing much, so here is the prevention of obesity is usually more in the prevention of weight gain than on the child lose weight, since the simultaneous height growth will ensure that the child eventually becomes normal weight.

Diet councils for the prevention of child obesity are very close to the current general dietary guidelines for population: Save the fat, especially the animal, and eat plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products. Together with a physically active life, this will give room for the occasional wandering off with candy and soda – but not every day.

The reason for this is unknown, but it is possible that there is a hormonal link, as there is a change in the concentrations of female sex hormones.

Often these changes are seen as a response to the shocks that occur during labor. The woman is exhausted and after 9 months of increased pressure on her body as fetal growth, and not least the often exhausting birth, it ends in.

In addition, women are now mom, and has built up a lot of expectations for the new role, both from her own as the family’s side. Some experience a fear that should happen the child or family, something that could destroy the newfound happiness. Some are so afraid of everyday things that suddenly can seem dangerous. Some women are unusually tired. Often the woman may not recognize the reactions she has and is unsympathetic towards her new response pattern.

An often overlooked depression after giving birth is that which may occur in the father. There may be a feeling of powerlessness when it is only woman who can meet the child’s needs and he can stand with a feeling of being redundant, and that he has a new place in the family. In the first month, it is inevitable woman who is closest to the child, not least because of the intimacy that takes place during lactation.

Precautions and diagnosis of depression after childbirth
It is important that the woman has some talking to after birth. Often the woman enough support to friends and family, perhaps. With peers in terms of mothers groups that are very popular in the early days after birth. In addition, the help is to find among nurses and midwives, for whom depression after childbirth are not uncommon. They can often provide support and possible recommend the woman to go to his doctor.

Treatment of depression after childbirth
The rule has support and conversation enough. Mothers Groups are a great place to meet others who may be in the same situation and possible. Second time pregnant women can give advice from first birth. In rarer cases, it may be necessary to use antidepressant medication to be prescribed by your doctor, if he deems it necessary.

Stages and complications
With few women in the neighborhood of one out of every thousand births, the state develops into a proper birth psychosis. Psychosis is a condition where the border between reality and unreality becomes blurred and perhaps impossible to see the person. It can be difficult to distinguish it from the less violent and more common postnatal depression, but it is important to diagnose it. Some women will go with thoughts about suicide or about harming their children. Others develop severe depression are feeling cold, indolent and unusual fatigue.

The rare condition can be so serious that it may be necessary that the woman must be seen by a psychiatrist, and possible.
hospitalized in psychiatric department, otherwise it can be dangerous to the woman and / or child.

General Appearance:
Sex and development in relation to gestational age and the presence of major malformation or deformation must be noticed. The presence of asymmetry in movement may indicate injury of brachial plexus or cervical cancer.

Posture:
A vertex presentation is observed: arms and legs in moderate flexion clenched fists resistance to limb extension or measurement. If the presentation was breech legs will be stiff and extended takes the position in utero.

Vital Signs
Monitor the heart rate and pulse. Pulso Apical (fourth intercostal space) 120 to 160 beats / min. In sleep 100 bpm. In tears 160 beats / minutes.

Femoral pulse:
For measurement place fingers along the inguinal ligament near the midpoint between the symphysis pubis and the iliac crest. Feel both sides at the same time, both must be equal and strong.

Breathing:
Observe your breath when the infant is at rest. There is one minute, observe respiratory effort. Find average 40 x min. Normal variation of 40 to 60-min. In the normal RN expiratory grunt should not exist, or nasal flaring. At mourn, especially the most premature babies can have discrete subdiaphragmatic thoracic retraction and sternum.

Blood Pressure
At birth: 78 Systolic Diastolic 42 mmHg
At 12 hours systolic 60-80 diastolic 40-50 mmHg
At 10 days Systolic 95-100 mmHg, diastolic = slight increase
Variations with changes in activity levels: awake, crying, sleeping.

Anthropometric Measurements:
Weight average finding 2.500Kgs to 4.000kg. Average discovery size 45 to 55cms.
32 to 37cms head circumference Thoracic Circumference 30 to 33 cm (-2cm CC)
Waist circumference 30 to 33cm. Iguala chest circumference.

Integument:
Check the color, look at the naked baby in a well lit and warm. May appear: Acrocyanosis with cold (cyanosis of hands and feet), Harlequin phenomenon (the area of the body is supported more red and one pale), telangiectasia (stork bites or capillary hemangiomas), Toxic Erythema Neonatorum (rash the newborn), Milium (small white papillae of sebaceous origin, seen in the nose, chin and forehead). Palpate skin integrity, assess hydration and texture, check presence of vernix caseosa and lanugo. If jaundice is seen, it means that the bilirubin is at least on 5mg%. In the early skin is very thin, almost transparent, red, with little subcutaneous tissue. (Vernix: It is a fatty material, white can cover the body, which is produced by the sebaceous glands from 20-24 weeks of gestation, decreasing from 36 weeks and disappeared at 41 weeks.)

Head:
Examine the form and size, palpable anterior fontanelle is depressed or if bulky, triangular posterior fontanelle smaller than the previous one, is located between the occipital and parietal bones, is closed after two months of age. Shape and size: (It is large relative to the body, usually has a plastic deformation straddling with varying degrees of bone and is due to their adaptation to the birth canal, except for those born by Caesarean section.)

Face:
Note the appearance of symmetry. The cheeks are a casus fullness of fat accumulation which produces “suction pads” their facial movements should be symmetrical.

Eyes:
Check location, size, symmetry, shape and movement of the eyelids. Presence of secretions, edema, subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Nose:
Observe the shape, size, location, patency and configuration. Nasal Congestion presence of secretions, sneezing. Presence of Milium.

Mouth:
Note location on the face, lips the color symmetry, configuration and movement, language, values and palpate the palate. Rate quantity and characteristics of the saliva. Rooting reflex.

Ears:
Note the size, deployment: a line is drawn through the external outer edge of the eyes, which reaches the upper edge of the ear canal hearing abierto.He valued response to noise. Their alterations have been associated with urinary tract malformations especially. The eardrums are difficult to visualize and appear opaque.

Neck:
Examine sternocleidomastoid and the movement and position of the head. The neck is relatively short and head seems to rest on the shoulders. Occasionally may present asymmetry with deviation to the side, which is more often a persistent fetal position with his head cocked (asincletismo).

Chest:
Examine and feel the shape, breathing movements, evaluate the clavicles, rib cage which moves symmetrically with breathing. Rate the nipple size and number. Wet noises may be heard in the first hours postpartum. An asymmetrical or decreased breath sounds, should be suspected pathology. Heart: Heart rate under 90 and of 195 per minute should be considered. The apex is lateral to the midclavicular line in the third or fourth left intercostal space. They can often auscultated systolic ejection murmurs are transient. Every breath that persists beyond 24 hours or are accompanied by other symptoms should be studied.
On auscultation breath sounds should be clear.

Abdomen:
Immediately after birth is something soft and scaphoid (depressed), to the extent that the bowel is filled with air, the abdomen begins to distend. The abdominal organs are easily palpable during this period. A marked and persistently depressed abdomen suggests diaphragmatic hernia. A distended abdomen may suggest organomegaly, ascites or bowel obstruction.
Examine and palpate the cord. Olfatee. Sniff. It is cylindrical, appears with slight protrusion and moves with respiration. It is important to tell the mother that is a protrusion of skin which slowly disappear. The belly starts to dry 1 or 2 hours after birth, darkens to the three days and sloughing between 7 and 10 days.

Urinary Bladder:
Note the first void to be sure that the urinary system is working properly. The urine should be light colored.

Genitalia:
Sex should be clearly defined. Male: In term infants, with pendulous scrotum is the sac covering wrinkles, pigmented. The testicles should be lowered. Penis size is highly variable, the foreskin is attached to the glans and the meatus is small. In the preterm is less pigmented scrotum and testicles are not descended.
Female: By the end of the labia completely cover these minors and clitoris. The hymen can be seen and protuyente. During the first days after birth, may be seen normally a whitish discharge that sometimes mucosa contain blood. Occasionally, the labia minora can be fused to cover the vagina.
Year: must be permeable and have muscle tone anal sphincter.

Hips
Should abduct symmetrically; suspect congenital dislocation of hips if there is limitation to abduction or if you feel a ridge where the femur is directed backward and then abducted

Spine:
Column should be evaluated to detect the possible presence of dimples, lumps, locks of hair, spinal curvature. The folds of the buttocks and the knee should be symmetrical.

Tips:
Must be examined to detect possible presence of missing or additional palmar deformities and femoral pulses. In considering both femoral pulses should feel strong, no pulse can indicate contraction of the cord.

Newborn Neurologic Examination
General attitude and tone: You must assess whether the symmetry of movement, posture and muscle tone are asymmetric, they can indicate nerve damage. Premature infants are hypotonic with respect to the babies. Also evaluate the crying.


Primitive reflexes:
Moro reflex: is triggered in response to a sudden stimulus or a sudden deflection of the head, has several phases: first the RN then abducts the arms to embrace advanced in attitude accompanied by bending the body and then crying.
Palmar and plantar Prehesion: applying pressure on the palms and soles, the RN flexes his fingers clutching the hand or toes flexed.
Search: RN turns his head toward the side that applies a stimulus or perioral cheek, seeking the mother’s nipple.
Suction: rhythmic and coordinated movement of the tongue and lips by placing an object (pacifier-finger), within it. e) automatically started: to support the RN from the trunk and leaning slightly forward, he steps automatically.