National Nursing Review : Nursing Study Resources & Health Tips

Blood calcium is available in the free and partly linked to bicarbonate, the citrate and phosphate.
The skeleton is an important reservoir of calcium for the body, it can be removed due to parathyroid hormone, or it may be deposited as vitamin D3.
The normal value in blood is: 8.1 – 10.4 mg / dl
Normal value: in the urine (calciuria) is: 50 to 400 mg/24 h.
The decrease in calcium is caused by:

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Reducing the amount of magnesium
• Reduced food intake
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Intestinal diseases
• Diarrhea
• Supply of low-fat
• Deficiency of bile salts
• Bone metastases
• Acute pancreatitis.

Clinical signs of decline are:

• Low sensitivity in different parts of the body
• Painful muscle spasms
• Generalized Seizures
• Abdominal cramps
• Spasm at the level of the larynx (choking)

(more…)

Are epithelial cells of the urinary tract and are present in normal conditions.
Indices of renal disease are:
the presence of particle (red and white) the presence of cylinders that is taking this aspect of training because they reproduce the mold of the renal tubule, consisting of a glycoprotein produced by the renal tubule.
It in regard to distinguish different types of cylinders:
hyaline formed only glycoprotein, generally do not have clinical significance, may occur after physical effort, general anesthesia, febrile illness.
Wax formed by proteins and lipids, and their presence may be a sign of kidney disease. (more…)

Establishing the characteristics and the number of different types of white blood cells or leukocytes, are recognized in this connection:
Neutrophils, a decrease can be interpreted as bacterial infection, viral (hepatitis, infectious diseases of childhood, influenza, mononucleosis), malnutrition or alcoholism.
An increase may indicate infection with streptococcus bacteria or certain fungi.

Normal value: 50-70
Basophils: a decrease can be caused by prolonged treatment with cortisone or during pregnancy, but may be a sign of:
Thyroid disorders
urticaria
Asthma – Hay Fever
An increase is usually caused by:
anemia
Diabetes
Tuberculosis
Leukemia (more…)

Hormone produced by the adrenal glands, its action is to promote the mobilization and use of fat, stimulate the production of red blood cells, to stimulate the production of glycogen, which is a set of molecules of glucose (sugar) and then a source of energy that the body uses fasting or stress.

Normal value
adult 08 h 100 200 micrograms / l or 250 550 nmol / l;
20 h at 100 micrograms / l child aged under 10 years 50 100 micrograms / l
Free cortisol is 7-8% of total cortisol. (more…)

Substance normally present in blood and coming for 80 to 85% from hemoglobin in red blood cells and when these, after 120 days on average, arrive at the end of their useful lives are destroyed in the spleen and the heme in hemoglobin is converted in bilirubin.
An other dimension is, 10-15% is produced directly from bone marrow during a process of ineffective erythropoiesis, while the remaining 5% is formed in the liver and is then poured into the intestine.
Bilirubin is a substance to move so poorly soluble in an aqueous medium such as blood plasma, requires a carrier which turns out to be albumin.
This is called indirect bilirubin, and is the type that is more in the blood, while those that produced by the liver and is soluble in water. (more…)