National Nursing Review : Nursing Study Resources & Health Tips

A premature, by definition, a newborn whose gestational age is less than 37 weeks of pregnancy, counted from the first day of gestation. It is always an important factor for perinatal morbidity. The risk of death or sequelae is directly related to the degree of prematurity.
The lower limit of viability theory was set by the World Health to 22 weeks and 500g, but still a theory, premature infants less than 1000g already accounting for 5% of premature births.

Aetiology:
Found primarily in the socio economic disadvantage (underprivileged, single women, standing work and painful, …)
Then find uteroplacental abnormalities, morphological type (bifid uterus, hypoplastic), cervical incompetence, smoking or maternal pathology.
Finally, there may be a factor directly fetus, including twins and other multiple births.
In 40% of cases the origin is unknown. (more…)

The data shown here are data for a new-born forward, parents “normal”:

• Average weight: 3300g
• Average size: 50cm
• Head circumference: 35 cm
• Members flexed, hands closed
• Skin covered with a variable amount of vernix caseosa (sebaceous white fatty substance)
• cyanosis of the extremities often
• Fine hairs on the forehead, cheeks, shoulders and back, called lanugo
• jaundice frequently to 2-3 days, physiological
• perception of fontanelles
• Respiratory rate 20 to 60/min
• Short neck, large tongue, glottis and anterior very high (risk of difficulty in intubation)
• Heart rate of 120 to 160/min
• Systolic blood pressure NNE at approximately 70mmHg (PAM = Term)
• APGAR test near or equal to 10 (see table), assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes.

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Ovarian endocrine function is devolved to the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte during its development and from which will form the corpus luteum.
As the gamete formation, the endocrine function of the ovary is cyclical secretion of ovarian hormones occurs at a pace that is superimposed on the reproductive cycle.
Ovarian castration has different effects depending on the age at which it is used:

• before puberty, it causes the persistence of infant genital tract, absence of puberty, obesity;
• After puberty, it causes regression of the genital tract, mitigation of secondary sexual characteristics, the suppression of reproductive function cycle arrest genital obesity.
• The administration of ovarian hormones corrects the effects of castration. At excessive doses, they cause the child early development of the genital tract and its annexes.

The ovary secretes four groups of hormones estrogen, progesterone, a small amount of androgens and the group of inhibin and cybernines. Unlike other hormones, inhibin and cybernines are not steroid. (more…)

The adrenal glands are two in number, one right and one left, they are each located near the upper pole of the kidney match. Their average size is 3 inches high, 2 cm wide, 1 cm in thickness, weighs 4 to 6 g, consistency soft buff yellow coloring.
When cut, the adrenals show will consist of two entirely different areas, that difference is reflected in their function. These two areas are:
- the cortex or adrenal cortex, located at the periphery of the gland, the color yellow. It is formed by three layers of glandular cells, these three layers of cells bearing the names of areas glomerular, fascicular and reticular;
- medulla or the adrenal medulla, looking brown-red occupies the center of the gland. It is composed of polygonal cells in cords, stuffed enclaves stain; these enclaves can be highlighted by a special chemical reaction, the chromaffin reaction.
Numerous experiments ablation of adrenal glands in animals performed since Brown-Sequard in 1856 showed that the adrenal cortex is essential to life while the medulla is not.
The removal of the adrenal cortex in animals, as do humans, causes death in 1 to 5 days in a table involving digestive disorders, a cardiovascular collapse and prostration leading to coma. The biological tests show serious disturbances on the equilibrium and metabolism of water and on the balance of electrolytes (sodium and potassium in particular).
The administration of adrenal extracts in adrenalectomized animals corrects these problems.

Adrenocortical hormones
The cortex secretes many hormones whose chemical composition is now well defined and their manufacture in the adrenal (biosynthesis) and their metabolism in the body. The physiological action of some compounds is however still unknown. (more…)

This is the real brain neuro-endocrine organization, overseeing the endocrine function of the pituitary gland, and from there to most major endocrine functions of the body.
Within the hypothalamus were individually a number of nuclei (supraoptic, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus infundibular, nuclei accessories, etc.), place of preparation of hypothalamic hormones.
The connections between hypothalamus and pituitary differ depending on whether the pituitary gland or posterior pituitary:
I.es connections with the anterior pituitary are mixed neurovascular the products of secretion in the hypothalamus are routed first along the axons are directed to the pituitary via infindibulum then dumped in the vascular pituitary which leads up cells anterior pituitary;
The connections with the posterior pituitary are nervous pure: the hypothalamic hormones are fed to the posterior lobe of the pituitary where they are stored. (more…)

The pituitary is a small gland hung to the floor of the third ventricle by a narrow stalk, the pituitary stalk, and housed in the sella dug the body of the sphenoid. Its weight is 0.60 g, the size of a pea.
It consists of three parts, whose functions are totally different: the anterior lobe, intermediate lobe and the posterior lobe.

The Anterior Lobe
The anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis is composed of two kinds of cells: cells chromophil rich granules or acidophilic (40% of anterior pituitary cells) or basophils (10% of cells) and cells chromophobe (50% cells) devoid of granules.
The anterior pituitary secretes many susbtances, hormones or stimulines true:

Growth hormone GH (Grow Hormone)
It is also known as growth hormone. It ensures a harmonious development of the human body and is responsible for the size of the subject. It stimulates growth and therefore in this specific action on the growth plates that hypertrophy significantly under its action. The hypophysectomy leads to arrest of growth in young animals, administration of excessive growth hormone to a normal growth track leads to gigantism. (more…)

It is the largest of the endocrine glands. It is located on the anterior neck, below the cartilages of the larynx, trachea cons it covers the first ring.
It consists of two lateral lobes united to each other by a narrow portion, the isthmus. Its overall shape reminds that of H. Its texture is firm, his grayish pink, its average weight 20 to 25 g.

Histologically, the thyroid gland appears as formed by the juxtaposition of many cell blocks which we give the name of thyroid vesicles. Each vesicle is formed and thyroid:
* the center is occupied by a body more or less voluminous gummy substance, yellowish, devoid of any cell. This substance is called colloid;
* each cluster of colloid is surrounded by a single layer of polyhedral epithelial cells. These are cells that develop the colloid to have in reserve in the center of vesicles;
* between thyroid vesicles are very rich capillary network. The appearance of thyroid cells and the amount of colloid contained in the vesicles vary depending on the degree of activity of the gland. (more…)

While hiking painful blisters may develop on the feet. what to do in an emergency and how bubbles can be avoided.
To wander is the miller’s joy – wrong shoes are the miller’s burden: painful blisters on the feet can have a walking tour can be quickly torture. Most common cause of skin irritation is mostly new – and therefore not run in – or the wrong shoes.

Pressing or rubbing of the shoe at a specific point on the skin, it is first red and hot. With further stimulation of tissue fluid penetrates below the top layer of skin and dissolves them from their substrate. A bubble is created.
Anyone who tries to remove the bladder, blanket, risking an infection. (more…)

Hemorrhoids are vascular structures of the anal canal in each individual plays an important role in fecal continence. In the presence of symptoms such as bleeding, pain, itching, there may be a pathological condition called hemorrhoidal disease.
In Western countries at various stages of hemorrhoidal disease affects more than 50% of the population and is thus an extremely common disease.
There are several classifications of hemorrhoids, more or less recent, but the distinction of internal and external to the subdivision into four grades, while not the last created are still the most widely used in clinical practice.
If there are symptoms, the first thing to do ‘a visit that may be performed usually by the attending physician, the specialist surgeon or a Coloproctology: It’ important to put a correct diagnosis and differentiate other benign or malignant anorectal region or colon which may present with similar symptoms.
Once confirmed the diagnosis and defined the stage of disease and the symptoms may consider treatment options.
Most of the patients permanently or temporarily solves the problem with medical therapy, or regularization of the hive, dietary modifications and use of customized local or systemic therapies that address the symptomatic picture. In case of continuation or recurrence of symptoms, however, and ‘possible to consider other therapeutic options. (more…)

Residual pressure inside the skull, standard = 10 to 14 mmHg.
In the brain there are 3 compartments (parenchyma, fluid, Vascular), the total volume remains constant and is equal to the sum of the volume of the 3 compartments. The volume is inextensible, the compartments must compensate to maintain values in sustainable standards.

• The parenchymal compartment: Change is slow (dehydration or overhydration = edema), or appearance of a mass: tumor, hematoma
• The fluid compartment: The CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and absorbed in the upper longitudinal sinus. If alteration of this balance, there is a variation of the intra cranial pressure (ICP)

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