National Nursing Review : Nursing Study Resources & Health Tips

Necrosis confined to a more or less tissue myocardial ischemia resulting from a sudden coronary artery. During a myocardial infarction, irrigation is no longer; deprived of blood and oxygen, the myocardial cells suffer and die, releasing their cardiac enzymes, with destruction of surrounding tissue. Men are affected twice as often as women. Myocardial infarction is one of the most common causes of death.
Today, the very definition of myocardial infarction tends to disappear in favor of acute coronary syndrome ST more versus acute coronary syndrome not included ST.

Causes:
The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries is almost always due to the formation of a thrombus (clot) on a plaque consisting of cholesterol deposits against the inner arterial wall. This condition occurs most often in patients with risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle.

Symptoms
In half the cases, infarction occurs after a period shorter or longer during which the subject suffers from angina.
The pain (tightness, burning, sometimes crushing) are felt behind the breastbone (retrosternal), and can radiate to the left arm to the jaw, sometimes in the back. They disappear in a few minutes rest, sometimes with the use of a spray nitro.
In the other half of the cases, stroke is opening, that is to say that there are no warning signs. It manifests itself by severe pain sharp retro sternal (such as angina but longer and more intense). The pain may radiate to the arm, jaw and back. It is often constrictive and accompanied by anxiety and feeling of impending death. (more…)

It is defined as a state of hypo-perfusion tissue associated with dysfunction of the heart pump. Its main cause is myocardial infarction in acute phase.
Cardiogenic shock from myocardial infarction is associated:

• the extent of necrosis of the left ventricular mass mainly
• a mechanical complications: cardiogenic shock secondary
• septal rupture responsible for CIV
• acute mitral regurgitation due to rupture or dysfunction pillar of mitral
• much more rarely, rupture of the free wall of left ventricle in charge of tamponade.
• the extension of an infarction less than the right ventricle

Symptoms:
In addition to signs of acute infarction, there are signs of tissue hypoperfusion:

• neurological signs: agitation, confusion, stupor,
• Signs peripheral coldness, pallor, mottling, cyanosis,
• Renal signs: oligo-anuria,
• hemodynamic signs: systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg, toe pressure differential pressure, tachycardia with pulse spinning,
• signs of elevated filling pressures left (pulmonary edema, gallop …) and right (jugular turgor, hepato-jugular reflux).

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The heart muscle does not require external stimulation to contract, but the autonomic nervous system exerts a considerable influence on the latter.
The control centers of the cardiac autonomic nervous system located in the medulla oblongata: the cardio accelerator center plans neuronal extensions even neurons segments T1 -> T5 spinal cord, which synapse with postganglionic neurons of cervical lymph and upper chest, from where they are nerve fibers synapse with sinus and atrioventricular nodes.
The cardiovascular center inhibitor, it has the nerve fibers which leave the medulla oblongata to the heart via the nerve X.

The phenomena of electrical stimulation:
The cells are pacemakers in the sinus node, the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His). The sinus node is located in the wall of the right atrium. It is the primary pacemaker center: typically, the sinus node depolarizes spontaneously 70 times per minute, and mark the pace of all contractile cells. (more…)

It is a bacterial inflammation or not with lesion of the kidney glomeruli.
Acute glomerulonephritis (GNA)
This inflammation often occurs as a result of an inappropriate immune response. It occurs approximately 1 to 4 weeks after a streptococcal infection often (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis). They are called post-infectious GNA.
The GN are often found in children 5 to 12 years.
It can sometimes be linked to an autoimmune disease that will gradually worsen renal function and lead to kidney failure (with need for dialysis).
In response to the body to infection, are formed antibodies directed against the germs in question. The immune response causes the formation of immune complexes “which are arrested in the glomerular filter of the kidney and cause inflammation.

Etiology:

• The beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A is most commonly involved.
• Other bacteria: pneumococci, meningococci, staphylococci …, hepatitis viruses

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It is a disease characterized by the presence of one or more gallstones (ie, mineral concretion or calculus) in the urinary tract, mostly the upper urinary tract.
It is a predominantly male disease, more common in hot and high standard of living. Frequency: 32/100 000 new cases per year between the ages of 20 and 60, involving 2 men and a woman with a familial incidence found in 50% of cases.

Aetiology and predisposing factors:
Gallstone formation is favored by the hyper-concentration in the urine of some mineral components, such as oxalate and calcium phosphate. A supersaturated urine allows the formation of a nidus homogeneous or heterogeneous matrix used in the formation of a small crystal. This will increase volume and give rise to a large stone or may aggregate with other crystals to form an identical crystal aggregation.
The etiology is unknown in 60% cases, followed by:

• Hypercalciuria idiopathic, autosomal dominant, with urinary leakage or increased intestinal absorption of calcium;
• by hypercalciuria hyperparathyroidism
• hypercalciuria Intoxication with vitamin D, A
• hypercalciuria associated with neoplasia, Kahler disease, Paget
• abnormal metabolism of uric acid
• hyperoxaluira primitive or family
  syndrome ureteropelvic junction.

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Pathology is characterized by an erection limited to the corpus cavernosum of the penis, excluding the corpus spongiosum and the glans, lasting abnormally high, painful, without sexual desire.
Clinic:

• rigidity of the corpora cavernosa of the penis
• without turgidity of spongy body and glans
• several hours
• painful
• without sexual desire

Etiology:

• Idiopathic: some patients have no known cause in the onset of priapism.
• Hematologic: leukemia, sickle cell disease.
• Neoplastic: lymphoma or metastasis of the corpora cavernosa.
• Neurological: multiple sclerosis, paraplegia.
• Iatrogenic: the most frequent. It is injected intra-cavernous overdose during treatment of impotence.

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The French Agency for the Safety of Health Products (AFSSAPS) analyzes a case of abortion in utero occurred after vaccination against influenza A (H1N1), said Thursday its CEO, Jean Marimbert the course of a press conference at the Ministry of Health.
This is a health professional who has received the adjuvanted vaccine Pandemrix * (GlaxoSmithKline), which was at 38 weeks gestation (nine months of pregnancy).
She developed “mild symptoms VACCINATION classic in the day following the vaccination, then a little less than two days after vaccination, had strong contractions. She went to motherhood, which noted that “the fetal heart stopped beating,” reported Jean Marimbert.
The latest weekly bulletin of Pharmacovigilance Afssaps on immunization against influenza A (H1N1), released Thursday, suggests a “context febrile two days after vaccination” in which the abortion occurred in utero.
An autopsy was requested and various tests are underway, including bacteriological, virological and pathological, to try to ascertain the cause of death of the fetus, “said CEO Afssaps. (more…)

One of the most terrifying experiences during lactation blood is found in breast milk. However, mothers need not panic at the sight of blood as this is a very common phenomenon in a woman who is breastfeeding her first baby.
Blood tends to appear in breast milk during various medical conditions affecting mothers.

The most common among them is to have a cut or abrasion on the nipple or the surrounding region. Wounds on the nipple is caused mainly due to biting teeth. The blood tends to ooze out of that hurt the baby once pressure is applied through suction. Stop the bleeding once the injury is completely healed. If you notice any mothers such wounds, which should always be careful to clean the area before feeding. Infections tend to spread easily through wounds.
Another important cause for blood in breast milk is vascular engorgement or rusty tube syndrome. Syndrome patients have a rusty pipe increased blood supply to the breasts a few days before the day of hope. (more…)

The breast cancer is the type most common cancer among women. During his life, one in nine women is likely to have cancer of the breast. Several factors play a role in the development of this cancer: family history, hormones, aging, etc.. Moreover, scientists have long suspected the lifestyle of being a major risk factor.

However, they could not identify precisely what components of lifestyle is the most influential.
For many years it was thought that a high intake of fat was one of those components that contribute most to risk of breast cancer. Now we believe instead that fat intake may play a role, but it is not the only factor, nor the most important. However, recent research indicates that a diet low in fat reduces the risk of recurrence of breast cancer.
Moreover, it appears that risk factors vary according to the hormonal changes experienced by women (premenopausal or menopausal). (more…)

The menopause is a natural process that occurs gradually in the life of a woman around the age of 50 years. This transition is marked by the cessation of menstruation and changes occurring among some, even before the end of menstruation.

Hot flashes
At menopause, many women experience hot flashes. They feel a sensation of intense heat that is sometimes accompanied by redness or sweating often followed by cold sweats. This phenomenon is caused by decreased levels of estrogen, which disrupts the “thermostat” of the body. Some women experience these gusts of 15 to 20 times per day, which can be very uncomfortable.
In the United States, 70% to 80% of postmenopausal women report having hot flashes, against only 10% to 14% of them in Japan. According to some, the diet rich in phytoestrogens Asians explain this difference. Phytoestrogens are compounds of plant origin which, when consumed in sufficient quantities, can affect the body similarly to estrogen, a sex hormone produced by the ovaries. Phytoestrogens are found in soy and its derivatives, such as tofu and soy beverages. (more…)